Ka hihia no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka wai ʻino ma nā ʻoihana ʻai a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻiʻo o Shanghai

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hui hana ʻiʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Shanghai ma 2011 a aia ma Songjiang District. ʻO kāna mau hana ʻoihana e pili ana i nā hana i ʻae ʻia e like me ka pepehi puaʻa, ka moa a me ka hānai holoholona, ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka meaʻai, a me ka lawe ʻana i nā alahele (ʻaʻole me nā mea pōʻino). ʻO ka hui makua, he hui ʻoihana a me ka ʻoihana kālepa ma Shanghai e kū nei ma Songjiang District, he ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa i hana nui i ka mahiʻai puaʻa. Mālamaʻo ia iʻehā mau puaʻa puaʻa nui, e mālama nei i kēia manawa ma kahi o 5,000 breeding sows me ka mana puka makahiki a hiki i ka 100,000 mau puaʻa mākaukau. Hoʻohui, hui pū ka hui me 50 mau mahiʻai kaiaola e hoʻohui i ka mahiʻai a me ka mahiʻai holoholona.

ʻO nā ʻoihana ʻai a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻiʻo maka

ʻO ka wai ʻōpala i hana ʻia mai nā hale pepehi puaʻa he kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā meaʻai. Inā hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka mālama ʻole ʻia, he pilikia nui ia i nā ʻōnaehana wai, ka lepo, ka maikaʻi o ka ea, a me nā kaiaola ākea. ʻO nā hopena kūlohelohe mua e like me kēia:

1. Hoʻohaumia wai (ka hopena koke a koʻikoʻi)
He waiwai nui ka effluent hale pepehi i nā mea haumia a me nā meaʻai. Ke hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia i loko o nā muliwai, nā loko, a i ʻole nā loko, ʻo nā ʻāpana kūlohelohe-e like me ke koko, ka momona, ka fecal, a me nā koena meaʻai-e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā microorganism, kahi hana e hoʻopau ai i ka nui o ka oxygen dissolved (DO). ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka DO e alakaʻi i nā kūlana anaerobic, e hopena i ka make ʻana o nā mea ola wai e like me ka iʻa a me ka ʻōpae ma muli o ka hypoxia. Hoʻopuka hou ka hoʻoheheʻe anaerobic i nā kinoea malodorous—e like me ka hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, a me mercaptans—e hoʻoneʻe ai ka wai a me nā ʻala ʻino, e hoʻohana ʻole ai ka wai no kekahi kumu.

Aia i loko o ka wai ʻino nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka nitrogen (N) a me ka phosphorus (P). I ke komo ʻana i nā kino wai, hoʻoikaika kēia mau meaʻai i ka ulu nui ʻana o nā algae a me nā phytoplankton, e alakaʻi ana i ka pua algal a i ʻole ke kai ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o nā limu make e hoʻopau hou i ka oxygen, e hoʻohaumia ana i ka kaiaola wai. ʻIke nā wai Eutrophic i ka maikaʻi ʻino a lilo i mea kūpono ʻole no ka inu ʻana, irrigation, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana.

Eia kekahi, hiki i ka effluent ke lawe i nā microorganism pathogenic—me nā hua bacteria, nā huakō, a me nā hua parasite (e laʻa, Escherichia coli a me Salmonella)—mai loko mai o nā ʻōpū holoholona a me nā feces. Hiki i kēia mau pathogens ke laha ma ke kahe wai, hoʻohaumia i nā kumu wai o lalo, hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka maʻi zoonotic, a hoʻopilikia i ke olakino lehulehu.

2. Hoʻohaumia ʻĀina
Inā hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia ka wai ʻino ma luna o ka ʻāina a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoinu ʻana, hiki i nā mea paʻa a me nā momona i hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ke pani i nā pores o ka lepo, hoʻopau i ke ʻano o ka lepo, hoʻemi i ka permeability, a hoʻopilikia i ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā disinfectants, detergents, a me nā metala kaumaha (e laʻa, ke keleawe a me ka zinc) mai ka hānai holoholona e hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i ka lepo i ka wā lōʻihi, e hoʻololi ana i kona waiwai physicochemical, e hoʻoulu ai i ka paʻakai a i ʻole ka ʻawaʻawa, a lilo ka ʻāina i kūpono ʻole no ka mahiʻai. Hiki i ka nui o ka nitrogen a me ka phosphorus ma waho aʻe o ka hiki ke lawe i nā mea kanu ke alakaʻi i ka pōʻino o nā mea kanu ("ke ahi fertilizer") a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai lepo, e hōʻike ana i nā pōʻino.

3. Ea Polusi
Ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, hoʻohua ka wai ʻino i nā kinoea ʻino a ʻino e like me ka hydrogen sulfide (H₂S, ʻike ʻia e kahi ʻala hua popopo), ammonia (NH₃), amines, a me mercaptans. ʻAʻole wale kēia mau hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea ʻala ʻino e pili ana i nā kaiāulu kokoke, akā e hoʻopilikia pū kekahi i ke olakino; He mea ʻawaʻawa a hiki i ka make nā ʻike kiʻekiʻe o H₂S. Hoʻohui ʻia, hana ʻia ka methane (CH₄), he kinoea hoʻomaʻamaʻa ikaika me ka hiki ke hoʻomehana honua ma mua o iwakālua mau manawa o ka carbon dioxide, i hana ʻia i ka wā anaerobic digestion, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.

Ma Kina, hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka wai ʻino hale pepehi kanaka ma lalo o kahi ʻōnaehana ʻae e koi ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā palena hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Pono nā ʻoihana e hoʻokō pono i nā lula Pollutant Discharge Permit a hoʻokō i nā koi o ka "Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Meat Processing Industry" (GB 13457-92), a me nā kūlana kūloko e pili ana i ʻoi aku ke koʻikoʻi.

ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma o ka nānā mau ʻana i ʻelima mau ʻāpana nui: koi oxygen kemika (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), a me pH. ʻO kēia mau hōʻailona he mau hōʻailona hana no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana o nā kaʻina hana hoʻōla wai ʻino-me ka sedimentation, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻaila, ka mālama olaola, ka wehe ʻana i nā meaʻai, a me ka disinfection-e hiki ai i nā hoʻoponopono kūpono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai.

- Koi Oxygen Chemical (COD):Hoʻopili ʻo COD i ka nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai. Hōʻike nā helu COD kiʻekiʻe aʻe i ka haumia organik. ʻO ka wai ʻino o ka hale pepehi, loaʻa ke koko, ka momona, ka protein, a me nā mea fecal, e hōʻike maʻamau i ka helu COD mai 2,000 a 8,000 mg/L a ʻoi paha. Pono ka nānā ʻana i ka COD no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pono o ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana organik a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana mālama wai ʻino e holo pono i loko o nā palena ʻae ʻia.

- ʻAmona Nitrogen (NH₃-N): Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ammonia manuahi (NH₃) a me nā ion ammonium (NH₄⁺) i loko o ka wai. Hoʻopau ka nitrification o ka amonia i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka pau ʻana o ka oxygen. He mea ʻawaʻawa loa ka amonia manuahi i ke ola wai ʻoiai ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohui ʻia, lawelawe ʻo ammonia ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai no ka ulu ʻana o nā algal, e hāʻawi ana i ka eutrophication. Hoʻomaka ia mai ka haki ʻana o ka mimi, feces, a me nā protein i loko o ka wai ʻōpala hale pepehi. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka NH₃-N e hōʻoia i ka hana kūpono o nā kaʻina hana nitrification a me ka denitrification a hoʻēmi i nā pilikia kaiaola a me ke olakino.

- Ka huina Nitrogen (TN) a me ka huina o ka Phosphorus (TP):Hōʻike ʻo TN i ka huina o nā ʻano nitrogen a pau (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, organik nitrogen), aʻo TP nā pūhui phosphorus a pau. ʻO lāua nā mea hoʻokele mua o ka eutrophication. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā kino wai e neʻe mālie e like me nā loko, nā loko, a me nā estuaries, hoʻoulu ʻia nā effluents waiwai nui o ka nitrogen a me ka phosphorus i ka ulu ʻana o nā algal pahū—e like me ka hoʻomomona ʻana i nā kino wai—e alakaʻi ana i nā pua algal. Ke kau nei nā lula wai ʻino o kēia wā i nā palena koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o TN a me TP. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau ʻāpana e loiloi i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻenehana hoʻoneʻe meaʻai holomua a kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino kaiaola.

- Waiwai pH:Hōʻike ka pH i ka acidity a i ʻole alkalinity o ka wai. Ke ola nei ka hapa nui o nā mea ola i loko o ka pae pH haiki (maʻamau 6-9). Hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ke ola wai a hoʻopilikia i ke kaulike kaiaola ʻo nā wai wai wai nui a i ʻole alkaline. No nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka pH kūpono he mea koʻikoʻi no ka hana maikaʻi loa o nā kaʻina mālama olaola. Kākoʻo ka nānā ʻana i ka pH mau i ka paʻa o ke kaʻina hana a me ka hoʻokō hoʻoponopono.

Ua hoʻokomo ka hui i kēia mau mea nānā pūnaewele mai Boqu Instruments ma kāna puka hoʻokuʻu nui:
- CODG-3000 Online Automatic Chemical Oxygen Demand Monitor
- NHNG-3010 Ammonia Nitrogen Online Monitor Automatic
- TPG-3030 Ka huina o ka Phosphorus Online Automatic Analyzer
- TNG-3020 Huina Nitrogen Online Automatic Analyzer
- PHG-2091 pH ʻOkoʻa Analyer Online

ʻO Ammonia Nitrogen Online Automatic Monitor

Ka huina o ka Phosphorus Nitrogen Online Automatic Analyzer

Hāʻawi kēia mau mea loiloi i ka nānā ʻana i ka COD, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, a me nā pae pH i loko o ka effluent. Mālama kēia ʻikepili i ka loiloi ʻana i ka pollution organik a me ka meaʻai, ka loiloi ʻana i nā pilikia olakino a me ka lehulehu, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana e pili ana i nā hoʻolālā lapaʻau. Eia kekahi, hiki iā ia ke noʻonoʻo pono i nā kaʻina hana lapaʻau, hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia, hoʻemi ʻia nā kumukūʻai hana, hoʻemi ʻia ka hopena o ke kaiapuni, a me ka hoʻokō mau ʻana i nā lula kaiapuni a me nā kūloko.