Ka Hihia Noi o ka Hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka Wai ʻŌpala ma nā ʻOihana Pepehi ʻIʻo Maka a me ka Hana ʻana

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻoihana hana ʻiʻo ma Shanghai i ka makahiki 2011 a aia ma ka Apana ʻo Songjiang. ʻO kāna mau hana ʻoihana e pili ana i nā hana i ʻae ʻia e like me ka pepehi puaʻa, ka hānai manu a me nā holoholona, ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka meaʻai, a me ka halihali ukana alanui (koe naʻe nā mea weliweli). ʻO ka hui makua, kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana a me ke kālepa ma Shanghai e kū nei ma ka Apana ʻo Songjiang, he ʻoihana pilikino e hana nui ana i ka mahi puaʻa. Mālama ia i ʻehā mau mahi puaʻa nui, e mālama nei i kahi o 5,000 mau puaʻa hānau me ka hiki ke hana makahiki a hiki i 100,000 mau puaʻa mākaukau no ka mākeke. Eia kekahi, hana pū ka ʻoihana me 50 mau mahiʻai kaiaola e hoʻohui i ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka mahi holoholona.

ʻO ka wai ʻino i hana ʻia mai nā hale pepehi puaʻa he nui nā mea olaola a me nā meaʻai. Inā hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka mālama ʻole ʻia, hoʻopilikia nui ia i nā ʻōnaehana wai, ka lepo, ka maikaʻi o ka ea, a me nā ʻōnaehana ola ākea. ʻO nā hopena nui o ke kaiapuni penei:

1. Ka haumia o ka wai (ka hopena koke loa a koʻikoʻi loa)
Waiwai nui ka wai hoʻomake holoholona i nā mea haumia a me nā meaʻai organik. Ke hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia i loko o nā muliwai, nā loko, a i ʻole nā loko wai, nā ʻāpana organik—e like me ke koko, ka momona, nā mea fecal, a me nā koena meaʻai—e hoʻopau ʻia e nā microorganism, kahi hana e hoʻopau ai i ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (DO). ʻO ka emi ʻana o DO e alakaʻi ai i nā kūlana anaerobic, e hopena ana i ka make ʻana o nā meaola wai e like me ka iʻa a me ka ʻōpae ma muli o ka hypoxia. Hoʻopuka hou ka anaerobic decomposition i nā kinoea malodorous—me ka hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, a me nā mercaptans—e hoʻoulu ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai a me nā ʻala pilau, e hoʻolilo ana i ka wai i mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia no kekahi kumu.

Loaʻa pū i ka wai hoʻoneoneo nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka naikokene (N) a me ka phosphorus (P). Ke komo i loko o nā kino wai, hoʻolaha kēia mau meaʻai i ka ulu nui ʻana o ka algae a me ka phytoplankton, e alakaʻi ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka algae a i ʻole nā kai ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka palaho ʻana o ka algae make ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka oxygen, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka ʻōnaehana ola wai. ʻIke nā wai Eutrophic i ka maikaʻi i hōʻino ʻia a lilo i mea kūpono ʻole no ka inu ʻana, ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka wai, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻoihana.

Eia kekahi, hiki i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ke lawe i nā microorganism pathogenic—me nā bacteria, nā virus, a me nā hua parasite (e like me Escherichia coli lāua ʻo Salmonella)—e puka mai ana mai nā ʻōpū holoholona a me nā feces. Hiki i kēia mau pathogens ke laha ma o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai, e haumia ana i nā kumu wai ma lalo, e hoʻonui ana i ka pilikia o ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi zoonotic, a e hoʻoweliweli ana i ke olakino lehulehu.

2. Ka haumia o ka lepo
Inā hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ma luna o ka ʻāina a i ʻole e hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka wai, hiki i nā mea paʻa a me nā momona ke pani i nā pores o ka lepo, e hoʻopilikia ana i ke ʻano o ka lepo, e hōʻemi ana i ka permeability, a e hoʻopilikia ana i ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa. ʻO ke alo o nā disinfectants, detergents, a me nā metala kaumaha (e like me ke keleawe a me ka zinc) mai ka hānai holoholona e hōʻiliʻili paha i ka lepo i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, e hoʻololi ana i kona mau waiwai physicochemical, e hana ana i ka salinization a i ʻole ka ʻawahia, a e hoʻolilo i ka ʻāina i kūpono ʻole no ka mahiʻai. ʻO ka nui o ka nitrogen a me ka phosphorus ma mua o ka hiki ke lawe i nā mea kanu hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea kanu ("fertilizer burn") a hiki ke komo i loko o ka wai honua, e hoʻoweliweli ana i ka haumia.

3. Ka haumia o ka ea
Ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, hoʻopuka ka palaho wai ʻino i nā kinoea ʻino a me nā mea ʻino e like me ka hydrogen sulfide (H₂S, i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻala hua pala), ammonia (NH₃), amines, a me mercaptans. ʻAʻole wale kēia mau hoʻokuʻu ʻana e hoʻokumu i nā ʻala hoʻonāukiuki e hoʻopilikia ana i nā kaiāulu kokoke akā hoʻopilikia pū kekahi i ke olakino; he mea ʻawahia a make paha nā nui kiʻekiʻe o ka H₂S. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka methane (CH₄), kahi kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika me ka hiki ke hoʻomehana honua ma mua o iwakālua mau manawa o ke kalapona dioxide, i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka anaerobic, e kōkua ana i ka loli o ke aniau.

Ma Kina, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai ʻino mai ka hale pepehi holoholona ma lalo o kahi ʻōnaehana ʻae e koi ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā palena hoʻokuʻu i ʻae ʻia. Pono nā hale hana e pili pono i nā lula o ka Palapala ʻAe Hoʻokuʻu Haumāna a hoʻokō i nā koi o ka "Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Meat Processing Industry" (GB 13457-92), a me nā kūlana kūloko pili i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.

Ua loiloi ʻia ke kūlike me nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma o ka nānā mau ʻana i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi ʻelima: ke koi oxygen kemika (COD), ka haukini ammonia (NH₃-N), ka phosphorus holoʻokoʻa (TP), ka haukini holoʻokoʻa (TN), a me ka pH. Hana kēia mau ʻōkuhi ma ke ʻano he mau pae hoʻohālikelike hana no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana o nā kaʻina hana mālama wai ʻino—me ka sedimentation, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻaila, ka mālama olaola, ka wehe ʻana i nā meaʻai, a me ka disinfection—e hiki ai ke hoʻoponopono i ka manawa kūpono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai ʻino paʻa a kūlike.

- Ke koi ʻana o ka ʻokikene kemika (COD):Ana ke COD i ka nui o nā mea olaola hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai. ʻO nā waiwai COD kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i ka haumia nui o nā mea olaola. ʻO ka wai hoʻomake holoholona, aia ke koko, ka momona, ka protein, a me nā mea fecal, hōʻike pinepine i nā nui o COD mai 2,000 a 8,000 mg/L a ʻoi aku paha. He mea nui ka nānā ʻana iā COD no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pono o ka wehe ʻana i nā ukana olaola a me ka hōʻoia ʻana e hana pono ka ʻōnaehana mālama wai hoʻomake i loko o nā palena i ʻae ʻia e ke kaiapuni.

- ʻAmonia Naikokene (NH₃-N): Hōʻike kēia palena i ka nui o ka ammonia manuahi (NH₃) a me nā iona ammonium (NH₄⁺) i loko o ka wai. Hoʻopau ka nitrification o ka ammonia i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka oxygen. He mea ʻawahia loa ka ammonia manuahi i ke ola wai ʻoiai ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, lawelawe ka ammonia ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai no ka ulu ʻana o ka algal, e kōkua ana i ka eutrophication. Hoʻomaka ia mai ka haki ʻana o ka mimi, nā feces, a me nā protein i loko o ka wai hoʻopau holoholona. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka NH₃-N e hōʻoia i ka hana pono o nā kaʻina hana nitrification a me denitrification a hōʻemi i nā pilikia kaiapuni a me ke olakino.

- Huina Naikokene (TN) a me ka Huina Phosphorus (TP):Hōʻike ʻo TN i ka huina o nā ʻano naikokene āpau (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, naikokene organik), ʻoiai ʻo TP e komo pū me nā hui phosphorus āpau. ʻO nā mea ʻelua nā mea hoʻokele nui o ka eutrophication. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā kino wai e neʻe mālie ana e like me nā loko, nā waihona wai, a me nā estuaries, hoʻoulu nā effluents waiwai i ka naikokene a me ka phosphorus i ka ulu ʻana o ka algal pahū—e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kino wai—e alakaʻi ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka algal. Hoʻokau nā kānāwai wai hoʻoneoneo hou i nā palena koʻikoʻi ma nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o TN a me TP. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau palena e loiloi i ka pono o nā ʻenehana wehe meaʻai holomua a kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ola.

- Ka Waiwai pH:Hōʻike ka pH i ka acidity a i ʻole ka alkalinity o ka wai. Ola ka hapa nui o nā meaola wai i loko o kahi pae pH haiki (maʻamau 6-9). Hiki i nā effluents i acidic nui a alkaline paha ke hōʻino i ke ola wai a hoʻopilikia i ke kaulike kaiaola. No nā hale hana mālama wai ʻino, he mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka pH kūpono no ka hana maikaʻi loa o nā kaʻina hana mālama olaola. Kākoʻo ka nānā mau ʻana i ka pH i ke kūpaʻa o ke kaʻina hana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā lula.

Ua hoʻokomo ka ʻoihana i nā mea hana nānā pūnaewele mai Boqu Instruments ma kāna puka hoʻokuʻu nui:
- CODG-3000 Pūnaewele Nānā Koi Kemika Oxygen Akomi
- NHNG-3010 Ammonia Naikokene Pūnaewele Nānā ʻakomi
- Mea Loiloi ʻakomi pūnaewele TPG-3030 Total Phosphorus
- Mea Loiloi Hana Pūnaewele ʻakomi TNG-3020 Total Naikokene
- PHG-2091 pH Pūnaewele Mea Loiloi Hana Lima

Ka Nānā ʻakomi Pūnaewele Ammonia Naikokene

Mea loiloi ʻakomi pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa Phosphorus Naikokene

Hiki i kēia mau mea kālailai ke nānā manawa maoli i ka COD, ka naikokene ammonia, ka phosphorus holoʻokoʻa, ka naikokene holoʻokoʻa, a me nā pae pH i loko o ka effluent. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa kēia ʻikepili i ka loiloi ʻana i ka haumia organik a me nā meaʻai, ka loiloi ʻana i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino lehulehu, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hoʻolālā lapaʻau. Eia kekahi, ʻae ia no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kaʻina hana lapaʻau, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono, ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hana, ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni, a me ka mālama mau ʻana i nā lula kaiapuni aupuni a me ke kūloko.