ʻIke Turbidity Kikohoʻe no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo

1. ʻO ka lua o ka lua kanu wai piula wai, ka waihona sedimentation a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana ana i ka nānā ʻana ma ka pūnaewele a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka turbidity.

2. ʻO ka hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻino, ka nānā ʻana ma ka pūnaewele i ka turbidity o nā ʻano hana hana ʻoihana like ʻole o ka wai a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻino.

ʻO ka Turbidity, kahi ana o ke ao i loko o nā wai, ua ʻike ʻia he hōʻailona maʻalahi a maʻamau hoʻi o ka maikaʻi o ka wai. Ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ka wai inu, me ka mea i hana ʻia e ka kānana no nā makahiki he ʻumi. ʻO ke ana ʻana o ka Turbidity e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kukuna kukui, me nā ʻano i wehewehe ʻia, e hoʻoholo ai i ke alo semi-quantitative o nā mea particulate i loko o ka wai a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​laʻana wai ʻē aʻe. Ua kapa ʻia ke kukuna kukui ʻo ia ka kukuna kukui hanana. ʻO nā mea i loko o ka wai ke kumu o ka kukuna kukui hanana e hoʻopuehu a ʻike ʻia kēia kukui hoʻopuehu a helu ʻia e pili ana i kahi kūlana calibration traceable. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā mea particulate i loko o kahi laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ke kukuna kukui hanana a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka turbidity hopena.

ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o kahi hāpana e hele ana ma o kahi kumu kukui i ho'ākāka ʻia (pinepine he kukui incandescent, diode hoʻopuka kukui (LED) a i ʻole diode laser), hiki ke hāʻawi i ka turbidity holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka hāpana. ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka kānana ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻāpana mai kekahi hāpana i hāʻawi ʻia. Ke hana pono nā ʻōnaehana kānana a nānā ʻia me ka turbidimeter, e hōʻike ʻia ka turbidity o ka effluent e kahi ana haʻahaʻa a paʻa. Lilo kekahi mau turbidimeters i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma nā wai maʻemaʻe loa, kahi i haʻahaʻa loa ai ka nui o nā ʻāpana a me nā pae helu ʻāpana. No kēlā mau turbidimeters i nele i ka ʻike ma kēia mau pae haʻahaʻa, hiki i nā loli turbidity i loaʻa mai kahi haki kānana ke liʻiliʻi loa a lilo i mea ʻokoʻa ʻole mai ka walaʻau baseline turbidity o ka mea kani.

He nui nā kumu o kēia walaʻau kumu e komo pū ana me ka walaʻau o ka mea kani (walaʻau uila), ke kukui hele hewa o ka mea kani, ka walaʻau laʻana, a me ka walaʻau i loko o ke kumu kukui ponoʻī. He mea hoʻohui kēia mau mea hoʻopilikia a lilo lākou i kumu nui o nā pane turbidity maikaʻi ʻole a hiki ke hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i ka palena ʻike o ka mea kani.

ʻO ke kumuhana o nā kūlana i ke ana ʻana o ka turbidimetric ua paʻakikī ʻia ma muli o ke ʻano like ʻole o nā kūlana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia a ʻae ʻia no nā kumu hōʻike e nā hui e like me ka USEPA a me nā Standard Methods, a ma muli o ka huaʻōlelo a i ʻole ka wehewehe ʻana i hoʻopili ʻia iā lākou. Ma ka 19th Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, ua wehewehe ʻia i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kūlana mua a me nā kūlana lua. Hoʻākāka nā Standard Methods i kahi kūlana mua e like me ka mea i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka mea hoʻohana mai nā mea maka hiki ke huli ʻia, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana pololei a ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni i kāohi ʻia. I ka turbidity, ʻo Formazin wale nō ke kūlana mua maoli i ʻike ʻia a ua huli ʻia nā kūlana ʻē aʻe a pau i Formazin. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻolālā ʻia nā algorithms mea hana a me nā kikoʻī no nā turbidimeters a puni kēia kūlana mua.

I kēia manawa, ua wehewehe ʻo Standard Methods i nā kūlana lua e like me kēlā mau kūlana i hōʻoia ʻia e ka mea hana (a i ʻole kahi hui hoʻāʻo kūʻokoʻa) e hāʻawi i nā hopena calibration mea hana like (i loko o kekahi mau palena) i nā hopena i loaʻa i ka wā e calibrated ai kahi mea hana me nā kūlana Formazin i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka mea hoʻohana (nā kūlana mua). Loaʻa nā kūlana like ʻole i kūpono no ka calibration, me nā hoʻokuʻu waihona kalepa o 4,000 NTU Formazin, nā hoʻokuʻu Formazin paʻa (StablCal™ Stabilized Formazin Standards, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo StablCal Standards, StablCal Solutions, a i ʻole StablCal), a me nā hoʻokuʻu kalepa o nā microspheres o styrene divinylbenzene copolymer.

Puke Hana Hana Sensor Turbidity